Study design

Physics

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Unit 30/33

Newton's laws of motion0/6

investigate and apply theoretically and practically Newton's three laws of motion in situations where two or more coplanar forces act along a straight line and in two dimensions
25
investigate and analyse theoretically and practically the uniform circular motion of an object moving in a horizontal plane: $F_{\text{net}} = \frac{mv^2}{r}$ , including a vehicle moving around a circular road, a vehicle moving around a banked track, and an object on the end of a string
21
model natural and artificial satellite motion as uniform circular motion
1
investigate and apply theoretically Newton's second law to circular motion in a vertical plane (forces at the highest and lowest positions only)
10
investigate and analyse theoretically and practically the motion of projectiles near Earth's surface, including a qualitative description of the effects of air resistance
23
investigate and apply theoretically and practically the laws of energy and momentum conservation in isolated systems in one dimension
9

Relationships between force, energy and mass0/3

investigate and analyse theoretically and practically impulse in an isolated system for collisions between objects moving in a straight line: $F\Delta t = m\Delta v$
11
investigate and apply theoretically and practically the concept of work done by a force using work done = force $\times$ displacement and work done = area under a force vs distance graph (one dimensional only)
5
analyse transformations of energy between kinetic energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential energy and energy dissipated to the environment (heat, sound and deformation of material): kinetic energy at low speeds $E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , including elastic and inelastic collisions with reference to conservation of kinetic energy; elastic potential energy from the area under a force-distance graph including ideal springs obeying Hooke's Law $E_s = \frac{1}{2}k\Delta x^2$ ; and gravitational potential energy $E_g = mg\Delta h$ or from the area under a force-distance graph and the area under a field-distance graph multiplied by mass
39

Fields and interactions0/5

describe gravitation, magnetism and electricity using a field model
investigate and compare theoretically and practically gravitational, magnetic and electric fields, including directions and shapes of fields, attractive and repulsive effects, and the existence of dipoles and monopoles
9
investigate and compare theoretically and practically gravitational fields and electrical fields about a point mass or charge (positive or negative) with reference to the direction of the field, the shape of the field, the use of the inverse square law to determine the magnitude of the field, and potential energy changes (qualitative) associated with a point mass or charge moving in the field
12
investigate and apply theoretically and practically a field model to magnetic phenomena, including shapes and directions of fields produced by bar magnets, and by current-carrying wires, loops and solenoids
4
identify fields as static or changing, and as uniform or non-uniform
1

Effects of fields0/4

analyse the use of an electric field to accelerate a charge, including electric field and electric force concepts $E = k\frac{Q}{r^2}$ and $F = k\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}$ ; potential energy changes in a uniform electric field $W = qV$ and $E = \frac{V}{d}$ ; and the magnitude of the force on a charged particle due to a uniform electric field $F = qE$
22
analyse the use of a magnetic field to change the path of a charged particle, including the magnitude and direction of the force applied to an electron beam by a magnetic field $F = qvB$ , in cases where the directions of $v$ and $B$ are perpendicular or parallel, and the radius of the path followed by an electron in a magnetic field $r = \frac{mv}{qB}$ , where $v \ll c$
19
analyse the use of gravitational fields to accelerate mass, including gravitational field and gravitational force concepts $g = G\frac{M}{r^2}$ and $F_g = G\frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$ , and potential energy changes in a uniform gravitational field $E_g = mg\Delta h$
10
analyse the change in gravitational potential energy from area under a force vs distance graph and area under a field vs distance graph multiplied by mass
5

Application of field concepts0/7

apply the concepts of force due to gravity and normal force including in relation to satellites in orbit where the orbits are assumed to be uniform and circular
3
model satellite motion (artificial, Moon, planet) as uniform circular orbital motion: $g = \frac{v^2}{r} = \frac{4\pi^2 r}{T^2}$
17
describe the interaction of two fields, allowing that electric charges, magnetic poles and current carrying conductors can either attract or repel, whereas masses only attract each other
2
investigate and analyse theoretically and practically the force on a current carrying conductor due to an external magnetic field, $F = nIlB$ , where the directions of $I$ and $B$ are either perpendicular or parallel to each other
15
investigate and analyse theoretically and practically the operation of simple DC motors consisting of one coil, containing a number of loops of wire, which is free to rotate about an axis in a uniform magnetic field and including the use of a split ring commutator
9
investigate, qualitatively, the effect of current, external magnetic field and the number of loops of wire on the torque of a simple motor
3
model the acceleration of particles in a particle accelerator (including synchrotrons) as uniform circular motion (limited to linear acceleration by a uniform electric field and direction change by a uniform magnetic field)

Generation of electricity0/4

calculate magnetic flux when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the area, and describe the qualitative effect of differing angles between the area and the field: $\Phi_B = B_{\perp} A$
9
investigate and analyse theoretically and practically the generation of electromotive force (emf) including AC voltage and calculations using induced emf $\varepsilon = -N\frac{\Delta\Phi_B}{\Delta t}$ , with reference to the rate of change of magnetic flux, the number of loops through which the flux passes, and the direction of induced emf in a coil
30
explain the production of DC voltage in DC generators and AC voltage in alternators, including the use of split ring commutators and slip rings respectively
16
describe the production of electricity using photovoltaic cells and the need for an inverter to convert power from DC to AC for use in the home (not including details of semiconductor action or inverter circuitry)
4

Transmission of electricity0/4

compare sinusoidal AC voltages produced as a result of the uniform rotation of a loop in a constant magnetic field with reference to frequency, period, amplitude, peak-to-peak voltage ( $V_{\text{p-p}}$ ) and peak-to-peak current ( $I_{\text{p-p}}$ )
8
compare alternating voltage expressed as the root-mean-square (rms) to a constant DC voltage developing the same power in a resistive component
5
analyse transformer action with reference to electromagnetic induction for an ideal transformer: $\frac{N_1}{N_2} = \frac{V_1}{V_2} = \frac{I_2}{I_1}$
16
analyse the supply of power by considering transmission losses across transmission lines
24

Unit 40/38

Light as a wave0/6

describe light as a transverse electromagnetic wave which is produced by the acceleration of charges, which in turn produces changing electric fields and associated changing magnetic fields
3
identify that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, $c$ , in a vacuum
explain the formation of a standing wave resulting from the superposition of a travelling wave and its reflection
3
analyse the formation of standing waves (only those with nodes at both ends is required)
8
investigate and explain theoretically and practically diffraction as the directional spread of various frequencies with reference to different gap width or obstacle size, including the qualitative effect of changing the $\frac{\lambda}{w}$ ratio, and apply this to limitations of imaging using electromagnetic waves
5
explain the results of Young's double slit experiment with reference to evidence for the wave-like nature of light; constructive and destructive interference of coherent waves in terms of path differences $n\lambda$ and $\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right)\lambda$ respectively, where $n = 0, 1, 2, \dots$ ; and the effect of wavelength, distance of screen and slit separation on interference patterns $\Delta x = \frac{\lambda L}{d}$ when $L \gg d$
19

Light as a particle0/3

apply the quantised energy of photons: $E = hf = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$
11
analyse the photoelectric effect with reference to evidence for the particle-like nature of light; experimental data in the form of graphs of photocurrent versus electrode potential, and of kinetic energy of electrons versus frequency; the kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons $E_{k,\text{max}} = hf - \phi$ , using energy units of joule and electron-volt; and the effects of intensity of incident irradiation on the emission of photoelectrons
39
describe the limitation of the wave model of light in explaining experimental results related to the photoelectric effect
5

Matter as particles or waves0/3

interpret electron diffraction patterns as evidence for the wave-like nature of matter
6
distinguish between the diffraction patterns produced by photons and electrons
3
calculate the de Broglie wavelength of matter: $\lambda = \frac{h}{p}$
17

Similarities between light and matter0/6

discuss the importance of the idea of quantisation in the development of knowledge about light and in explaining the nature of atoms
1
compare the momentum of photons and of matter of the same wavelength including calculations using $p = \frac{h}{\lambda}$
4
explain the production of atomic absorption and emission line spectra, including those from metal vapour lamps
4
interpret spectra and calculate the energy of absorbed or emitted photons: $E = hf$
5
analyse the emission or absorption of a photon by an atom in terms of a change in the electron energy state of the atom, with the difference in the states' energies being equal to the photon energy
9
interpret the single photon and the electron double slit experiment as evidence for the dual nature of light and matter
1

Einstein's special theory of relativity0/8

describe the limitation of classical mechanics when considering motion approaching the speed of light
describe Einstein's two postulates for his special theory of relativity: that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial (non-accelerated) frames of reference, and that the speed of light has a constant value for all observers regardless of their motion or the motion of the source
5
interpret the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment as evidence in support of Einstein's special theory of relativity
1
compare Einstein's special theory of relativity with the principles of classical physics
1
describe proper time ( $t_0$ ) as the time interval between two events in a reference frame where the two events occur at the same point in space
1
describe proper length ( $L_0$ ) as the length that is measured in the frame of reference in which objects are at rest
1
model mathematically time dilation and length contraction at speeds approaching $c$ using the equations $t = t_0 \gamma$ and $L = \frac{L_0}{\gamma}$ where $\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}}$
18
explain and analyse examples of special relativity including that muons can reach Earth even though their half-lives would suggest that they should decay in the upper atmosphere; that particle accelerator lengths must be designed to take the effects of special relativity into account; and that time signals from GPS satellites must be corrected for the effects of special relativity due to their orbital velocity
5

Relationship between energy and mass0/2

interpret Einstein's prediction by showing that the total 'mass-energy' of an object is given by $E_{\text{tot}} = E_k + E_0 = \gamma mc^2$ where $E_0 = mc^2$ , and where kinetic energy can be calculated by $E_k = (\gamma - 1)mc^2$
4
apply the energy-mass relationship to mass conversion in the Sun, to positron-electron annihilation and to nuclear transformations in particle accelerators (details of the particular nuclear processes are not required)
4

Investigation design0/4

identify the physics concepts specific to the investigation and explain their significance, including definitions of key terms and physics representations
explain the characteristics of the selected scientific methodology and method, including techniques of primary qualitative and quantitative data generation relevant to the selected investigation, and the appropriateness of the use of independent, dependent and controlled variables in the selected scientific investigation
9
identify and apply concepts of accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, resolution and validity of data; and the identification of, and distinction between, error and uncertainty
11
identify and apply health, safety and ethical guidelines relevant to the selected investigation

Scientific evidence0/3

discuss the nature of evidence that supports or refutes a hypothesis, model or theory
2
apply methods of organising, analysing and evaluating primary data to identify patterns and relationships including the physical significance of the gradient of linearised data, causes of uncertainty, the use of uncertainty bars, and the assumptions and limitations of data, methodologies and methods
16
model the scientific practice of using a logbook to authenticate generated primary data

Science communication0/3

apply the conventions of science communication: scientific terminology and representations; symbols, equations and formulas; standard abbreviations; significant figures; and units of measurement
apply the conventions of scientific poster presentation, including succinct communication of the selected scientific investigation, and acknowledgement of references
explain the key findings and implications of the selected investigation