Earn every markyou deserve.

Four VCE study tools, built from the study design by students who scored 99.95.

Choose your subjects

vcehub.com.au/study-design/chemistry

VCE Hub

Study design·Chemistry

Units 3 & 4, dot point by dot point.

All·75Struggling·6Learning·11Confident·29Untouched·29

Unit 311/33

Unit 3 · AoS 1·What are the current and future options for supplying energy?6 of 19 confident−

In this area of study students focus on analysing and comparing a range of fossil fuels and biofuels as energy sources for society, and carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as fuel sources for the body. They write balanced thermochemical equations for the combustion of various fuels. The amounts of energy and gases produced in combustion reactions are quantified using stoichiometry. They explore how energy can be sustainably produced from chemicals to meet the needs of society while minimising negative impacts on the environment. The selection of learning contexts should allow students to develop practical techniques to investigate how energy from fuels can be obtained and measured, and to determine the efficiency of different fuels and electrochemical cells as sources of energy. Students develop their skills in the use of scientific equipment and apparatus. They may measure energy released in combustion reactions through quantitative calorimetry experiments and may compare amounts of energy released in different fuels, such as methane, alcohols, waxes and foods. They design, construct and test galvanic and fuel cells, and account for differences between experimental findings and predictions made by using the electrochemical series. Students may work collaboratively to construct electrochemical half-cells and experiment with different combinations of half-cells to develop their own electrochemical series. Students respond to challenges such as designing an electrochemical cell that generates the most energy under laboratory conditions using a limited range of supplied chemicals and materials.

Carbon-based fuels5/8

the definition of a fuel, including the distinction between fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petrol) and biofuels (biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel) with reference to their renewability (ability of a resource to be replaced by natural processes within a relatively short period of time)
12past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
fuel sources for the body measured in $\text{kJ g}^{-1}$ : carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils)
!~
photosynthesis as the process that converts light energy into chemical energy and as a source of glucose and oxygen for respiration in living things: $6CO_2(g) + 6H_2O(l) \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6(aq) + 6O_2(g)$
2past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
oxidation of glucose as the primary carbohydrate energy source, including the balanced equation for cellular respiration: $C_6H_{12}O_6(aq) + 6O_2(g) \rightarrow 6CO_2(g) + 6H_2O(l)$
6past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
production of bioethanol by the fermentation of glucose and subsequent distillation to produce a more sustainable transport fuel: $C_6H_{12}O_6(aq) \rightarrow 2C_2H_5OH(aq) + 2CO_2(g)$
9past questions→(3 marks) typical
!~
comparison of exothermic and endothermic reactions, with reference to bond making and bond breaking, including enthalpy changes ( $\Delta H$ ) measured in $\text{kJ}$ , molar enthalpy changes measured in $\text{kJ mol}^{-1}$ and enthalpy changes for mixtures measured in $\text{kJ g}^{-1}$ , and their representations in energy profile diagrams
12past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
determination of limiting reactants or reagents in chemical reactions
2past questions→(3 marks) typical
!~
combustion (complete and incomplete) reactions of fuels as exothermic reactions: the writing of balanced thermochemical equations, including states, for the complete and incomplete combustion of organic molecules using experimental data and data tables
18past questions→(2 marks) typical
!~

Measuring changes in chemical reactions0/4

calculations related to the application of stoichiometry to reactions involving the combustion of fuels, including mass–mass, mass–volume and volume–volume stoichiometry, to determine heat energy released, reactant and product amounts and net volume or mass of major greenhouse gases ( $CO_2$ , $CH_4$ and $H_2O$ ), limited to standard laboratory conditions (SLC) at $25\ ^\circ\text{C}$ and $100\ \text{kPa}$
23past questions→(2 marks) typical
!~
the use of specific heat capacity of water to approximate the quantity of heat energy released during the combustion of a known mass of fuel and food
13past questions→(2 marks) typical
!~
the principles of solution calorimetry, including determination of calibration factor and consideration of the effects of heat loss; analysis of temperature–time graphs obtained from solution calorimetry
11past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
energy from fuels and food: calculation of energy transformation efficiency during combustion as a percentage of chemical energy converted to useful energy; and comparison and calculations of energy values of foods containing carbohydrates, proteins and fats and oils
24past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~

Primary galvanic cells and fuel cells as sources of energy1/7

redox reactions as simultaneous oxidation and reduction processes, and the use of oxidation numbers to identify the reducing agent, oxidising agent and conjugate redox pairs
8past questions→(2 marks) typical
!~
the writing of balanced half-equations (including states) for oxidation and reduction reactions, and the overall redox cell reaction in both acidic and basic conditions
12past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
the common design features and general operating principles of non-rechargeable (primary) galvanic cells converting chemical energy into electrical energy, including electrode polarities and the role of the electrodes (inert and reactive) and electrolyte solutions (details of specific cells not required)
16past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
the use and limitations of the electrochemical series in designing galvanic cells and as a tool for predicting the products of redox reactions, for deducing overall equations from redox half-equations and for determining maximum cell voltage under standard conditions
18past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
the common design features and general operating principles of fuel cells, including the use of porous electrodes for gaseous reactants to increase cell efficiency (details of specific cells not required)
30past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
the application of Faraday's Laws and stoichiometry to determine the quantity of galvanic or fuel cell reactant and product, and the current or time required to either use a particular quantity of reactant or produce a particular quantity of product
4past questions→(1 mark) typical
!~
contemporary responses to challenges and the role of innovation in the design of fuel cells to meet society's energy needs, with reference to green chemistry principles: design for energy efficiency, and use of renewable feedstocks
6past questions→(2 marks) typical
!~

Unit 3 · AoS 2·How can the rate and yield of chemical reactions be optimised?5 of 14 confident+

See what full marks looks like.

Twelfth NightDraft’s ready

To what extent does Shakespeare mock social expectations in Twelfth Night?

Malvolio's solitary rehearsal of grandeur — imagining himself "Count Malvolio" before an audience of nobody — crystallises the mechanism by which Shakespeare's Illyria interrogates the scripts its inhabitants are expected to perform. Across the play, Shakespeare mocks the social expectations governing courtship, mourning and class with considerable force, exposing the performativity beneath Petrarchan love, veiled grief and social hierarchy alike. Yet the extent of this mockery is not absolute: Shakespeare permits some characters to transgress freely while punishing others with a cruelty that exceeds comic correction, and he ultimately restores, through marriage and expulsion, the very social order his comedy has spent five acts ridiculing. Twelfth Night's satire is therefore best understood not as a sustained assault on convention but as a licensed, temporary carnival — one that exposes absurdity precisely so that order might be more comfortably reinstated.

Exam period offer

Essay Writer

A$4.99your first month

Then A$19.99 a month. Cancel whenever. Offer ends 29 October.

Five essays a month, for your exact topic
English and Literature, Sections A and B
Written against top-band exemplars and VCAA examiner reports

The excerpt is unedited. Read more of what it writes.

Start with one subject.

Choose your subjects

Built by 99.95 ATAR students. Proudly made in Melbourne.